For Beck, "risk" is used in the contexts of hazard and vulnerability. A risk society is “a systematic way of dealing with hazards and insecurities induced and introduced by modernization itself" ( Beck, 1992:21).
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"Manufactured risks" are exacerbated and controllable by human interventions. Beck (1992) noted that the world reflects the creation of health hazards, which jeopardize human living conditions at a global level.Īccording to the theory, modern advancements also come with a reproduction of risks: in this case, manufactured risks that lead to the gradual creation of risk society ( Giddens, 2002).
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As the world is being de-territorialized, facilitating trade, communication, and information, it is also prone to (health) risks. These side effects change human society: a health risk in Wuhan (China) becomes a pandemic, through human migration, affecting all countries of the world, with several thousands of deaths.
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The theory is concerned with the unintended and unforeseen side effects of modern life, which backfire on modernity (itself) ( Wimmer and Quandt, 2006). Beck, 1992, Beck, 1999 and Giddens (2002) introduced the idea of risk society theory. The world is a global village hence the health of individuals is intrinsically linked irrespective of distance. The global transmission of diseases is one of the dysfunctions or latent functions of globalization, which offers both opportunities and catastrophes. The world has been witnessing global trade, movement of people, and the globalization of health (see Youde, 2020). Globalization, which signifies compression of time and space, aids the transmission of diseases on a global scale, facilitating the spread of COVID-19. The "stay-at-home" campaign and proscription of (large) social gatherings mean that social interaction has been limited. COVID-19 deglobalizes the world in terms of human migration with airports shut, and social events (sports, festivals and the like) postponed indefinitely. A contagious disease of global health importance also disrupts the usual norms of close physical contacts since the disease transmits through contact with individuals who already contracted the disease. The idea of “social distancing” negates regular social interaction, which is the bedrock of human society (Amzat and Razum, 2014). Sociologically, the pandemic has caused global social disruption by limiting global social relations. The projection is that Africa could bear the final burden of the COVID-19 pandemic if the countries do not institute effective measures to combat the pandemic. In Africa, there are still communities without healthcare facilities, apart from the scarcity of health workers ( Amzat, 2011). Nigeria is also among the vulnerable African nations, given the weak state of the healthcare system ( Marbot, 2020). WHO categorized Nigeria as one of the 13 high-risk African countries with respect to the spread of COVID-19. Following this WHO declaration, the Coronavirus Preparedness Group was constituted on January 31 in Nigeria (a country with 36 states and a Federal Capital Territory ). With over seven million cases globally as of June 7 (2020): United States (over two million cases), Brazil (over 700,000 cases), Russia (over 500,000 cases), and in Africa, South Africa (over 54,000 cases) and Egypt (over 38,000 cases) bear the greater brunt.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, which began in Wuhan, China on December 8, 2019, a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on Janu( WHO, 2020). The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic gripped the world with a shock, thereby overwhelming the health system of most nations.